Guides
Threats to Validity
Browse 3 free mental model guides in Threats to Validity.
Guides in this category
Attrition & Missing Data
When participants drop out of studies or data goes missing, the remaining group may no longer represent the original sample, potentially distorting conclusions about cause and effect.
Read guideInterference, Spillovers, SUTVA
When one person's treatment affects another's outcome, challenging core assumptions about causal effects in experiments.
Read guideNoncompliance and Intent-to-Treat
When participants switch treatments or drop out, special analysis methods like Intent-to-Treat and Instrumental Variables help recover the true causal effect.
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