Guides
Confounding & Bias
Browse 3 free mental model guides in Confounding & Bias.
Guides in this category
Internal vs External Validity
Internal validity asks if a study's design supports causal conclusions, while external validity asks if those findings apply beyond the study to real-world settings.
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A special type of confounding where variables that influence both exposure and outcome are themselves affected by earlier exposure, creating a dilemma for standard adjustment methods.
Read guideUnobserved Confounding
The error of assuming a direct link between two things when a hidden, unmeasured factor is actually influencing both.
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